Gene (gene symbol)

Neuropeptide gene families

Neuropeptide gene families are hyperlinked to bioinformatics data sources on gene localization and expression, protein structure and receptors.

Neuropeptides are presented as the processed, biologically active products of the neuropeptide precursors (prepro-peptide) and the encoding gene. The listed neuropeptides fall under the conservative definition (see text) and brain expression has been reported. The exception is the family of ‘adipose neuropeptides’ that have been implicated as hormones produced by adipose tissues signaling to the brain. However, increasing evidence indicates that they can also be produced by neurons within the nervous system. Neuropeptide genes are classified in families that share structural similarities or functional similarities (opioid peptides). No for all mentioned neuropeptides biological activities and cognate receptors have been described.

Cytokines and chemokines have not been included; a database is available at (http://cytokine.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/).

Genes are abbreviated according to the official gene nomenclature (http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/)and linked to the corresponding locus in the human genome (March 2006 assembly) through the USCS Genome Browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu). The ideograms show the human chromosomal localization. The linked page provides direct access to bioinformatics data on transcripts, expression, homologies to other species and gene variations, entered through clicking the gene name.

Precursors are given as prepro-peptide and are linked to homologous proteins of human and other species through NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Primary structures of precursors are found here by gi numbers. Different splice variants of the same gene are given separately.

Brain expression data are refer to the mouse brain and are derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (http://www.brain-map.org) or, if not available, from Genepaint.org (http://genepaint.org) showing expression in the whole mouse embryo. A hyperlink provides direct access to in situ hybridization on the mouse for each gene.

Receptors of neuropeptides are most often G-protein-coupled receptors (http://www.iuphar-db.org/list/). One precursor can harbor more than one neuropeptide, while one neuropeptide can act on multiple receptors.

Gene (gene symbol)	Chromosomal localization	Precursor	Active peptide (s)	Mouse brain expression
*Opioid* *gene family*
Pro-enkephalin gene (PENK)		Prepro-enkephalin	Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin , amidorphin, adrenorphin, peptide B, peptide E, peptide F, BAM22P
Pro-opiomelanocortin gene (POMC)		POMC	a-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH), g-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (g-MSH), ß-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ß-MSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ß-endorphin, a-endorphin, g-endorphin, ß-lipoprotein (ß-LPH), g-lipoprotein (g-LPH), corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP)
Pro-dynorphin gene (PDYN)		Prepro-dynorphin	Dynorphin A, dynorphin B, a-neo-endorphin, ß-neo-endorphin, dynorphin-32, leu-morphin
Orphanin gene, pre-pronociceptin gene (PNOC)		Prepro-nociceptin, Prepro-orphanin	Nociceptin (orphanin FQ), neuropeptide1, neuropeptide 2
*Vasopressin/oxytocin gene family***
Vasopressin gene (AVP)		Prepro-vasopressin-neurophysin II	Vasopressin (VP), neurophysin II (NP II), C-terminal glycopeptide CPP
Oxytocin gene (OXT)		Prepro-oxytocin-neurophysin I	Oxytocin (OT), neurophysin I (NP 1)
*CCK/gastrin gene family*
Gastrin gene (GAST)		Prepro-gastrin	Gastrin-34, gastrin-17, gastrin-4
Cholecystokinin gene (CCK)		Prepro-CCK	CCK-8, CCK-33, CCK-58
*Somastostatin* *gene family*
Somastostatin gene (SST)		Prepro-somatostatin	SS-12, SS-14, SS-28, antrin
Cortistatin gene (CST)		Prepro-cortistatin	cortistatin-29, cortistatin-17
*F- and Y-amide gene family*
Gonadotropin inhibitory hormone gene, RF-amide related peptide gene (RFRP)		Prepro-NPRF	QRF-amide (neuropeptide RF-amide, GnIH, p518, RF-related peptide-2), RF-related peptide-1, RF-related peptide-3
Neuropeptide FF gene (NPFF),		Prepro-NPFF	Neuropeptide FF, neuropeptide AF, neuropeptide SF
Neuropeptide Y gene (NPY)		Prepro-NPY	NPY, C-flanking peptide CPON
Pancreatic polypeptide gene (PPY)		Prepro-PPY	PPY
Peptide YY gene (PYY)		Prepro-PYY	PYY, PYY-(3-36)
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PRLH)		Prepro-PrRP	PrRP-31, PrRP-20	not available
*Calcitonin* *gene family*
Calcitonin I gene (CALCA)		Prepro-CALC	Calcitonin, katacalcin
		Prepro-CGRP-alpha	Calcitonin gene related peptide I (a-CGRP)
Calcitonin II gene (CALCB)		Prepro-CGRP-beta	Calcitonin gene related peptide II (ß-CGRP)
Islet amyloid polypeptide gene (IAPP), Amylin gene		Prepro-IAPP	IAPP (amylin, amyloid polypeptide)
Adrenomedullin gene (ADM)		Prepro-adrenomedullin	Adrenomedullin, AM, PAMP
Adrenomedullin-2 gene (ADM2)		Prepro-adrenomedullin-2	Adrenomedullin-2, intermedin-long (IMDL), intermedin-short (IMDS)
*Natriuretic* *factor gene family*
Atrial natriuretic factor gene (NPPA)		Prepro-ANP	Atrial natriuretic factor (natriuretic peptide A, ANF, ANP, natriodilatine, cardiodilatine-related peptide)
Brain natriuretic factor gene (NPPB)		Prepro-BNP	Brain natriuretic factor (natriuretic peptide B, BNF, BNP)
Natriuretic peptide precursor C gene (NPPC)		Prepro-CNP	C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP-23), CNP-29, CNP-53
*Bombesin-like peptide gene family***
Gastrin releasing peptide gene (GRP)		prero-GRP-1	GRP-27, GRP-14, GRP-10 (neuromedin C)
		Prepro-GRP-2	GRP-27, GRP-14, GRP-10 (neuromedin C)
		Prepro-GRP-3	GRP-27, GRP-14, GRP-10 (neuromedin C)
Neuromedin B gene (NMB)		Prepro-neuromedin B1	Neuromedin B (Ranatensin-like peptide, RLP)
		Prepro-neuromedin B2	Neuromedin B (Ranatensin-like peptide, RLP)
*Endothelin* *gene family*
Endothelin 1 gene (EDN1)		Prepro-endothelin 1 (PPET1)	Endothelin 1 (ET-1)
Endothelin 2 gene (EDN2)		Prepro-endothelin 2 (PPET2)2	Endothelin 2 (ET-2)
Endothelin 3 gene (EDN3)		Prepro-endothelin 3 (PPET3)	Endothelin 3 (ET-3)
*Glucagon/secretin gene family***
Glucagon gene (CGC)		Prepro-glucagon	Glicentin; Glicentin-related polypeptide (GRPP); Oxyntomodulin (OXY) (OXM); Glucagon; Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1); Glucagon-like peptide 1(7-37) (GLP-1(7-37)); Glucagon-like peptide 1(7-36) (GLP-1(7-36)); Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2)]
Secretin gene (SCT)		Prepro-secretin	secretin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide gene (VIP)		Prepro-VIP-1	VIP, PHM-27/PHI-27, PHV-42
		Prepro-VIP-2	VIP, PHM-27/PHI-27, PHV-42
Pituitary adenylcyclase-activated peptide gene (ADCYAP1)		Prepro-PACAP	PACAP-38, PACAP-27, PRP-48
Growth hormone releasing hormone gene (GHRH)		Prepro-GHRH	GHRH (somatoliberin,GRF, somatocrinin, somatorelin, sermorelin)
Gastric inhibitory peptide gene (GIP)		Prepro-GIP	GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide)
*CRH-related* *gene family*
Corticotropin-releasing hormone gene (CRH)		Prepro-CRH	CRH
Urocortin gene (UCN)		Prepro-UNC I	UNC I
Urocortin II gene (UCN2)		Prepro-UNC II	UNC II, stresscopin-related peptide	not available
Urocortin III gene (UCN3)		Prepro-UNC III	UNC III, stresscopin
Urotensin-II (UTS2)		Prepro-urotensin-2, isoform a	Urotensin-2	not available
		Prepro-urotensin-2, isofrom b	Urotensin-2
Urotensin-II domain containing (UTS2D)		Prepro-urotensin-2B	Urotensin-2-related peptide,urotensin-2B
*Kinin* *and tensin gene family*
Preprotachykinin A gene (TAC1)		a-PPTA	Substance P, neurokinin A (NKA, substance K, neuromedin L), neuropeptide K, neuropeptide gamma
		ß-PPTA	Substance P, neuropeptide K, neurokinin A
		g-PPTA	Substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide g
		δ-PPTA	Substance P, neuropeptide K, neurokinin A
Preprotachykinin B gene (TAC3)		PPTB, isoform 1	Neuromedin K, neurokinin B
		PPTB, isoform 2	Neuromedin K, neurokinin B
*Neuromedins*
Neuromedin S gene (NMS)		Prepro-neuromedin S	Neuromedin S	not available
Neuromedin U gene (NMU)		Prepro-neuromedin U, multiple isoforms	Neuromedin U
*Tensins* *and Kinins*
Kininogen-1 gene (KNG1)		Kininogen-1 precursor, multiple isoforms	Bradykinin, kallidin, LMW-K-kinin, HMW-K-kinin
Angiotensin gene (AGT)		Angiotensinogen Preprotein	Angiotensin I, angiotensin II, angiotensin-(1–7)
Neurotensin gene (NTS)		Prepro-neurotensin	Neurotensin (NT), neuromedin N
*Granins*
Chromogranin A gene (CHGA)		Chromogranin A precursor	Chromogranin A, beta-granin, vasostatin
Chromogranin B gene (CHGB)		Chromogranin B precursor	Chromogranin B (secretogranin I), CCB peptide, GAWK peptide
		Chromogranin B precursor variant	Chromogranin B (secretogranin I)
Secretogranin II gene (SCG2)		Secretogranin II precursor , chromogranin C precurosor	Secretogranin II (chromogranin C), EM66, secretoneurin
Secretogranin III gene (SCG3)		Secretogranin III precursor	Secretogranin III
Secretory granule neuroendocrine protein 1, 7B2 gene (SGNE1)		Secretory granule neuroendocrine precursor	Secretory granule neuroendocrine protein-1 (7B2, secretogranain 5)
VGF nerve growth factor inducible protein (VGF)		VGF-precursor	VGF (NGF-inducible protein, neurosectretory protein), TLPQ-62, TLPQ-21, AQEE-30, LQEQ-19
*Motilin* *family*
Motilin gene (MLN)		Prepro-motilin isoform 1	motilin	not available
		Prepro-motilin isofrom 2	Motilin, motillin-associated peptide
Ghrelin gene (GHRL)		Prepro-ghrelin	Ghrelin, obestatin
*Galanin* *family*
Galanin gene (GAL)		Prepro-galanin	Galanin, galanin message associated peptide (GMAP)
Galanin-like peptide precursor gene (GALP)		Galanin-like peptide precursor	Galanin-like peptide (GALP)
*GnRH* *family*
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene (GnRH1)		Prepro-GnRH1	GnRH (LHRH, gonadoliberin)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene (GnRH2)		Prepro-GNRH2, Isoform-a	GnRH2 (LHRH II, gonadoliberin II)	not in mouse
		Prepro-GNRH2, Isoform-b	GnRH2 (LHRH II, gonadoliberin II)	not in mouse
		Prepro-GNRH2, Isoform-c	GnRH2 (LHRH II, gonadoliberin II)	not in mouse
*Neuropeptide B/W family*
Neuropeptide B gene (NPB)		Prepro-neuropeptide B, PPL7	Neuropeptide B-23 (peptide L7), neuropeptide B-29,
Neuropeptide W gene (NPW)		Prepro-neuropeptide W, PPL8	Neuropeptide W-23 (peptide L8), neuropeptide W-30,
Neuropeptides S gene (NPS)		Prepro-neuropeptide S	Neuropeptide S	not available
*Neurexophilins*
Neurexophilin-1 (NXPH1)		Neurexophilin-1 precursor	Neurexophilin-1
Neurexophilin-2 (NXPH2)		Neurexophilin-2 precursor	Neurexophilin-2
Neurexophilin-3 (NXPH3)		Neurexophilin-3 precursor	Neurexophilin-3
Neurexophilin-4 (NXPH4)		Neurexophilin-4 precursor	Neurexophilin-4
*Insulin* *family*
Insulin gene (INS)		Prepro-insulin	insulin
IGF-1 gene (IGF1)		IGF-1 precursor	IGF-1 (somatomedin C)
IGF-2 gene (IGF2)		IGF-2 precursor	IGF-2 (somatomedin A)
Relaxin-1 gene (RLN1)		Prepro-relaxin-1	Relaxin-1
Relaxin-2 gene (RLN2)		Prepro-relaxin-2, isoform 1	Relaxin-2	not in mouse
		Prepro-relaxin-2, Isoform 2	Relaxin-2
Relaxin-3 gene (RLN3)		Prepro-relaxin-3	Relaxin-3
*No-family* *neuropeptides*
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene (TRH)		Prepro-TRH	TRH (thyroliberin)
Parathyroid hormone-like hormone gene (PTHLH)		Prepro-PTH-like hormone, isoform 1	PTHrP-(1-36), PTHrP-(38-94), PTHrP-(107-139) (osteostatin)
Melanin-concentrating hormone gene (PMCH)		Prepro-MCH	MCH, neuropeptide Glu-Ile (NEI), neuropeptide Gly-Glu (NGE)	not available
Hypocretin gene (HCRT)		Prepro-hypocretin	Hypocretin-1 (orexin A), hypocretin-2 (orexin B)
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript gene (CART)		Prepro-CART	CART-(1-39), CART-(42-89)
Agouti-related protein homolog gene (AGRP)		AGRP precursor isoform 1	AGRP
		Prepro-AGRP isoform 2	AGRP
Prolactin (PRL)		Prolactin precursor	Prolactin
Apelin gene (APLN)		Prepro-apelin	Apelin-13, apelin-17, apelin-36 (APJ ligand, AGTRL1 ligand)
Metastasis-suppressor KiSS (KISS1)		Kiss-1	Metastin (kisspeptin-54), (golgi transport 1 homolog A,golt1a), kisspeptin-14, kisspeptin-13, kisspeptin-10,
Diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI)		DBI isoform 1	Diazepam-binding inhibitory peptide
		DBI isoform 2	Diazepam-binding inhibitory peptide
		DBI isoform 3	Diazepam-binding inhibitory peptide
*Cerebellins*
Cerebellin-1 gene (CBLN1)		Cerebellin-1 precursor	Cerebellin-1 (Cbln1)	not available
Cerebellin-2 gene (CBLN2)		Cerebellin-2-precursor	Cerebellin-2 (Cbln2)
Cerebellin-3 gene (CBLN3)		Cerebellin-3 precursor Cerebellin-2 precursor	Cerebellin-3 (Cbln3)
Cerebellin-4 gene (CBLN4),		Cerebellin-4 precursor Cerebellin-3 precursor	Cerebellin-4 (Cbln4, cerebellin-like glycoprotein-1)
*Adipose* *neuroepeptides*
Leptin/ob gene (LEP)		Prepro-leptin	Leptin (obesin)
Adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ)		Adiponectin precursor	Adiponectin (Acpr30, adipocyte complement related protein; adipocyte, C1Q and collagen domain containing)
Visfatin gene (PBEF1)		Visfatin precursor	Visfatin-1 (pre-B cell colony enhancing factor-1 (PBEF1), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase)
Resistin gene (RETN)		Resistin precursor	Resistin (Cysteine-rich secreted protein FIZZ3, Adipose tissue-specific secretory factor, Cysteine-rich secreted protein A12-alpha-like 2, ADSF, Xcp4)
		Resistin-delta2 precursor	Resistin-delta2
Resistin-like alpha gene (RETLA)	not in human	Resistin-like molecule alpha precursor (RELMalpha)	Resistin-like molecule alpha (found in inflammatory zone 1; FIZZ1, hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor, Xcp2).
Resistin-like beta gene (RETLB)		Resistin-like molecule beta precursor (RELMbeta)	Resistin-like molecule beta (Cysteine-rich secreted protein FIZZ2, Colon and small intestine-specific cysteine-rich protein, Cysteine-rich secreted protein A12-alpha-like 1, Colon carcinoma-related gene protein, Xcp3).	not available
Resistin-like ggammane (RETLG)	not in human	Resistin-like molecule gamma precursor (RELMgamma)	Resistin-like molecule gamma(Cysteine-rich secreted protein FIZZ3, Xcp1)
Nucleobindin-2/NEFA gene (NUCB2)(NUCB2)		Nucleobindin-2	Nesfatin-1
Ubiquitin-like 5 (UBL5)		Beacon precursor	Beacon